Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Cell Biochem Biophys. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Dasdag S, Balci K, Celik M, Batun S, Kaplan A, Bolaman Z, et al. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Bioelectromagnetics. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. 1990;39:13543. Neurol Sci. 1992;49:1818. Cite this article. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Cassel et al. 2016;74:99107. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Biol Chem. [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Google Scholar. 2013;32:27380. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. 2006;5:389. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. The effects are usually . Cell Biochem Biophys. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. 2000;11:16413. Electromagn Biol Med. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . 1992;6:379. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Clin Neurophysiol. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. 2009;27:556572. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Qutob et al. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Google Scholar. Bioelectromagnetics. 2015;36:4804. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . J Radiat Res (Tokyo). The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Eastern J Med. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. [21, 22] found a higher incidence of brain cancer in radar technicians and a shortened incubation period (i.e., less than 10years). The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Singh et al. 1984;5:6370. PubMed 1996;180:917. 2010;2010. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Neurosci Lett. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? World J Biol Chem. Fragopoulou et al. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Yale J Biol Med. 2004;2004:19. 2017;326:291. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. 2017;52:23947. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. 1999;75:44756. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Neuroscience. Acta Neurol Belg. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. 1994;8:714. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. 2012;31:6774. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Kwon et al. 2013;42:428. J Clin Oncol. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. 1984;4:285665. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 2000;6:18793. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. PubMed PubMed Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Sareesh et al. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. 2014;12:75. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Behav Brain Res. Cancer Res. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;1347:17985. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Indian J Occup Environ Med. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. 2015;91:55561. 2005;161:3314. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Wang Q, Cao Z. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. P Nat Acad. Gold PE. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. 2014;9:e95503. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Wang et al. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Appl Biochem Biotechnol. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. Int J Radiat Biol. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. 1999;4:102. Wang et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Behav Brain Res. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. 2002;13:11921. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. 2008;169:3845. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. 2004;115:1490505. 2003;140:147. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. 2015;140:23646. Article It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Qiao et al. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). California Privacy Statement, Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;3:4650. Xiong L, Sun CF, Zhang J, Gao YB, Wang LF, Zuo HY, et al. 2011;35:36978. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Pathophysiology. The role of microRNAs in cancer. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. 2013;73:4737. 1992;114:16202. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Brain Res. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. 2014;8:63. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. CAS Article Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Google Scholar. Bioelectromagnetics. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. PubMed Central These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. 2006;27:295306. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. 2013;5:5500110. & Hu, XJ. 2015;91:42634. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Joubert et al. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. Int J Radiat Biol. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. [42] found similar results. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. 2015;28:1324. Chin J Indus Hyg. . Verma et al. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. Arch Environ Health. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. 2013;17:711. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged Chin J Birth Health Hered. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. 2010;86:37683. Toxicol Sci. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. 2006;27:11926. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. CAS Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Nat Med. PubMed Central This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. 2000;284:30017. 2016;53:210011. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Im HI, Kenny PJ. J Natl Cancer Inst. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA 2005;438:18592. Dasdag et al. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Radiat Res. 2006;12:44651. Exp Neurobiol. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Behav Brain Res. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Mol Cell Biol. PubMed Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Neuroreport. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. 2009;158:12639. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Google Scholar. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 2011;174:211. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. 2014;70:84555. Springer Nature. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Int J Radiat Biol. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed.