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When the radar received a return, that contact would be processed through the fire-control computer and displayed on the screen; together, these comprise the orientation node. The United States must out-adapt adversaries who have, and will continue to adapt to, an obsolescing US force design. Click here or on the image above to view the Mitchell Institutes full-sized Mosaic Warfares Kill Web' infographic. Ever since 1991s Operation Desert Storm, adversaries have systematically watched the American way of war, cataloging the US militarys advantages and methods and developing strategies and systems to erode those advantages and exploit vulnerabilities in US force design. Secondly, I consider fractionalization on a regional scale with a focus on the role of transboundary kinship groups. They died from starvation, disease, overwork, mistreatment, or outright murder. Map. This short publication describes the preludes to the conflict (2011-2012), the failed transitional period (2012-2014), the outbreak of the conflict (2015-2016) and the . famous Western explorer John C. Fremont (18131890), the first Cybersecurity has taken the global stage with the prominence of electronic warfare tactics in the Russian invasion of . It helps me to think of myself as the black ops of conflict and to think of Jesus in this . Further research is needed to increase our understanding of the nature of conflicts, how they arise and are . 2023. Conflict With Nature: It happens when a man comes into conflict with nature.It happens in Hardy's novels as his protagonist comes into conflict with nature and loses such. RAND analyst Jeffrey Engstrom calls this strategy system confrontation and its theory of victory system destruction warfare. In combat operations, he says, PLA planners specifically seek to strike four types of targets, through either kinetic or nonkinetic attacks, when attempting to paralyze the enemys operational system., Lt. Col. Christina Darveau (right) trains 1st Lt. in 1620, was the tree of liberty. Throughout the war, millions more Jews came under German control. Critical shortages in key capabilities, such that the current force cannot withstand attrition and survivability factors threaten to outweigh the ability to create effects in future wars. image shows a heroic Brown being adored by a slave mother and child It is notable, however, that from the Renaissance to the 20th century mosaic was again wholly dependent on painting and its particular forms of illusionism. To migrate to a mosaic force design, the US must: Many trends already indicate the value and potential of mosaic operations. William Lloyd Garrison, Author. An element in the combat zone, whether disaggregated or multifunction, that participates in the operational architecture by receiving and sharing information. Unequal Victims: Poles and Jews During World War Two. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Small inventories of capable, high-end multifunction platforms that make US operational architectures too vulnerable. 1. The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies. The idea will be to send so many weapon and sensor platforms at the enemy that its . Wargames that centered on major conflicts with China and Russia have resulted in loss after loss for US forces. Due to difficulties in sensing or affecting activities that dont reach the threshold of traditional military engagement, we arent as capable in the gray zone as we would like to be. Between 1933 and 1945, an estimated 100,000 men were arrested in Germany under Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code. The applications of mosaic warfare are broad, ranging from conventional force-on-force battles to more nebulous gray zone conflicts, which dont reach the threshold of traditional military engagement, Burns has said previously. Proceedings of the Partnership for Peace [PfP] Consortium 9th Workshop of the Study Group Regional Stability in the South Caucasus - From Self-Defence to Regional Disarmament: Reducing Tensions and Stabilising the South Caucasus, edited by Frederic Labarre and Ernst M. Felberbauer, Trust and Peace Building in the South Caucasus, Nino Kemoklidze, Jeremy Smith, Galina Yemelianova, Center for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SAM), Farhad Mammadov, The New Frontiers in Cold War Scholarship and US Foreign Policy, The George Washington University, Security, Society and the State in the Caucasus, Russia Abroad. Holograph. High-quality wargaming of force design alternatives augmented by operational and cost analyses could help identify the right force size and mix needed to implement the 2018 NDS. He especially opposed African colonization, as is shown in the Increasingly, however, there has been focus on the book's structure, which is . Issued during the presidential election campaign of 1856, it pictures Learn a new word every day. Grau, Gnter. the liberty tree. Another example is Santiago of Hemingway in the Old Man and the Sea. An F-35 with USAFs Lightning II Demonstration Team performs aerobatics in September. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. In the mosaic concept, platforms are decomposed into their smallest practical functions to create collaborative nodes. These functions and nodes may be abstracted and broadly categorized by the familiar functionalities in an OODA loop: observe, orient, decide, and act. There were about 20,000 members in Germany in 1933. Germans withmental and physical disabilitieswere considereda burden on German society and the state. A total of country-wide 22 SMV strains (SC1-SC22) were identified. The general trend towards stylizationthat is, reduction to two-dimensionalityin late antique Roman painting (3rd and 4th centuries ce) may have been stimulated by experimentation with colour in mosaic and particularly by the elimination of many middle tones for the sake of greater brilliance. Brown's death would make the gallows as glorious as the cross. This The finest mosaics of antiquity were made of tesserae cut from glass threads or splinters of stone; ordinary floor decorations consisted of cubes about one centimetre square. for religious services and speeches by prominent politicians. The Forgotten Victims of the Holocaust. as he walks to his execution on December 2, 1859. The Nature and Content of the Mosaic Law It is common to divide the Mosaic Law into three parts as illustrated below, but though this is helpful for analysis and the study of the Mosaic Law and the way it functions in the area of conflict resolution, such a division is never stated as such in Scripture; rather, it is seen as a unit. Homosexualsgay menwere viewed by the Nazis as socially deviant. The Nazis considered them a danger to Nazi policies aimed at raising the German birthrate. 2, 281298, Scattered across the globe there exist a handful of unrecognized statelets. as both a racial and societal problem. Brown's dignified bearing in prison and at As Colby suggests, the Chinese A2/AD complex is not just an integrated air defense system, but more importantly a critical piece of a larger strategy to target and defeat US forces as a system. Implications of an Independent Kosovo for Russia's Near Abroad, Bystander in its neighbourhood? It also came to include persons who were only suspected of anti-Nazi sentiments or who privately criticized or mocked the Nazi regime. As part of this policy, Nazi forces killed or imprisoned tens of thousands of men and women from the Polish elites. The text at the bottom of the John Brown (18001859) was an abolitionist who took Patterns of co-operation between the two organizations will be described at the end of our analysis, in order to contribute to a typology of the relationships between the UN and regional organizations. In the analysis of both international organizations, other experiments in conflict management (such as in the former Yugoslavia, for example) must be taken into account. The myth of Judeo-Bolshevism claimed that communism was a Jewish plot designed at German expense. The concept is called "Mosaic Warfare.". One of the advantages of the mosaic warfare concept is that it does not require all-new material to implement, Patt said. Berenbaum, Michael. Nazi propaganda depicted them as useless eaters. A 1933 law aimed to prevent the birth of children with genetic defects. It enacted forced sterilization of persons diagnosed with certain mental or physical conditions. This paper seeks to shed light on why there is such a prevalence of conflict in the states of the South Caucasus by examining the region from three theoretical perspectives. There would be sufficient force structure to provide strategic depth in response. The Roma and Sinti were viewed by the Nazis as both a racial and societal problem. Slow development and fielding for major new weapon systems. While some defense leaders may advocate for bold moves, bold does not always mean wise. Jewish victims came from all backgrounds. In the Table, the "High" row aggregates only the costs of actions classified as "high likelihood" (listed in Table 1), for which beavers are expected to deliver a similar restoration . In conventional warfare, the kill chain is defined by the OODA loop that is, the steps necessary to observe, orient, decide, and act on a target. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, in mid-October 1859, he was convicted A distinction should be drawn between: lack of action; "soft actions" (especially fact-finding missions and political statements); normative and operative actions. Chinas diverse nuclear arsenal makes it more survivable and would provide China with more coercive options in a conflict with the United States over Taiwan. New Justinianus was a Roman name that he took from his uncle, the emperor Justin I, to whom he owed his advancement. presidential candidate of the Republican Party, and his running The US military must reinvigorate the theory of systems warfare first manifested during Operation Desert Storm. Both organizations have been active in the crises in Naqgorno-Karabakh and Abkhazia, but with the CSCE clearly as the prime mover in the first case and the UN in the second. Overarching principles that guide and connect a militarys theory of warfare and victory, its doctrine, operational concepts, force structure, capabilities, and other enterprise functions. It describes the idea that conflicts consist of strategies that blend conventional warfare tactics with cyber warfare and cyber based information activities, use mass communication channels to distribute propaganda, and often involve a fluid, non-state adversary. They are more quickly and cheaply produced and are generally considered safer for the environment and non-target . Like the ceramic tiles in mosaics, these individual warfighting platforms are put together to make a larger picture, or in this case, a force package. This is a critical point: Being overly prescriptive with regard to technology risks condemning a force design to rigidity, brittleness, and/or obsolescence. Depending on the definition, the U.S. is arguably involved in consequential gray zone conflicts with Russia, China, Iran and North Korea. Finally, the pilot can take action, pairing a missile to the contact and firing the weapon (the action node). Paul even goes so far as to say he would not have known what sin was except by the Law ( Romans 7:7 ). CONFLICT OF INTEREST. Accessibility | A force design optimized for systems warfare. They also immigrated to Canada, Australia, South Africa, and Latin America. Although some such entities have proven short-lived, others have demonstrated remarkable tenacity. 'Hiemal,' 'brumation,' & other rare wintry words. Sufficient capacity (force size) as well as the right mix of capabilities will be critical to achieving the attack density needed to defeat great power aggression and sustain a deterrent posture in other theaters. The mosaic is real, but it was not recently, as the timing of the post implies. Mosaic warfare envisions shifting value from the performance characteristics of individual platforms to the resilience of a heterogeneous warfighting collective (mosaic), Patt explained. The overwhelming effectiveness of the United States in Operation Desert Storm precipitated a major shift in Chinese military theory. http://www.mitchellaerospacepower.org/publications, In Message to Force, Austin Touts Once-in-a-Generation Investments, Top Pentagon Official: Chinas Air Actions Are Dangerous and Destabilizing, With NDS as a Guide, DOD Pursues Stronger Partnerships, Think Tank Leaders Recommend Top Focus Areas for House Intelligence Committee, US Hopes to Salvage New START, Says Arms Control Official, Air and Missile Defenses Must Be Integrated By Design, Urges Former USAFE Chief, Heritage: Heres How to Answer South Korean Worries Over Nuclear Threats, Wargame Report: Chinas Nuclear Arsenal More Survivable in Taiwan Conflict, Pentagon Releases Selfie of U-2 Pilot With Chinese Spy Balloon. Author of, Professor of Art History, University of Bergen, Norway. Several other groups were targeted. The European Union's involvement in protracted conflicts in the post-Soviet space, Ethnic Conflicts in the South Caucasus: A Tripartite Approach in Explaining the Causes and Consequences of War, Dynamics of de facto statehood: the South Caucasian de facto states between secession and sovereignty, Russia and the South Caucasus:Managing Contradictions, Sovereignty Issues in the Post-Soviet Conflicts of the Caucasus: The Case of Abkhazia, Dynamics of de facto statehood: the South Caucasian de facto states between secession and sovereignty with Helge Blakkisrud, The Models of Sovereignty in the South Caucasus, Recognising politics in unrecognised states: 20 years of enquiry into the de facto states of the South Caucasus. One moose, two moose. They targeted for murder disabled patients living in mental health and other care institutions. Efforts evolved during World War II. A total of 250,000 people were killed in the secret T-4 and related euthanasia programs carried out inside Greater Germany. Although not a few of the works created in the 20th century reveal the influence of painting, figurative or abstract, the art came a long way toward self-realization. Leveraging advanced networks, data links, and enablers such as artificial intelligence/machine learning, a mosaic design can target adversary systems with just enough overmatch to succeed. "Normative actions" refer to all resolutions adopted by the Security Council which do not imply any substantive measures. Mosaic-type operations are not new to the US Air Force, and the service is perhaps the best candidate to take the lead role in developing a mosaic force design concept that could reshape DODs planning, processes, force structure, and how it executes its missions. Compounding the problem is the dramatic downsizing of the Air Force after the fall of the Soviet Union. The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. The Nazis aimed to prevent organized Polish resistance following Germanys invasion of Poland in September 1939. Mosaic warfare is one answer: a way of war that leverages the power of information networks, advanced processing, and disaggregated functionality to restore Americas military competitiveness in peer-to-peer conflict. Thus, these functions can be distributed throughout the battlespace and integrated not in a single platform, but over distance through data links, to achieve effects. And because mosaic nodes are like LEGO blocks, force presentations can be tailored and surprising. Until he ceased publication in 1865, Garrison Nazi ideology regarded them as racial equals. Implementing a mosaic force design will challenge doctrine, tradition, parochialism, bureaucratic fiefdoms, and even the pride of victories past. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! For these reasons, the respective roles of the United Nations and the CSCE will not be presented in the same way. The notion of hybrid war emerged after the end of the Cold War. Two-thirds, or six million, of Europes Jews were killed by Nazi Germany and its collaborators. I draw three conclusions; that fractionalization is common to all states of the South Caucasus region, but that they are not the sole explanatory factor for conflict; that transborder kinship groups have influenced ethnic minorities to pursue irredentist aspirations; finally, using Myron Weiners Macedonian Syndrome Theory, we can place events in a broader historical context that enables us to describe, explain, and even predict the outbreak of civil and interstate war in the South Caucasus. easier to learn, new words were often set to familiar tunes. Between mosaic and painting, the art with which it has most in common, there has been a reciprocal influence of varying intensity. Modular and scalable, a mosaic force is highly interoperable and composed of disaggregated functions that create multiple, simultaneous kill webs against emerging target sets. Scattered across the globe there exist a handful of unrecognized statelets. civil rights. Victims of the T-4 program were killed in gas chambers disguised as showers, the first time this method of murder and deception was used. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1995. In antiquity, mosaics first were made of uncut pebbles of uniform size. Despite gaining thirty-three percent of the popular vote, Frmont Operationalization could begin immediately by leveraging products of key maturing DARPA programs that focus on technological (non-policy) solutions to on-demand interoperability. Victims were rich or poor, religiously orthodox or secular, and they came from every hue of the political spectrum from left to right. Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress (59), Beginning in the 1840s, abolitionist societies used A conflict can actually change relationships. Some 7,000 children were among the victims. Division (127), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam007.html#obj5, About | The invention of tesserae must have been motivated by a desire to obtain densely set mosaic pictures which could match, in pavements, the splendour of contemporary achievements in painting. The analysis of the CSCE will, by contrast, focus on the specific features of each individual conflict management policy in Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. A Captured Soviet soldiers were viewed as subhuman Slavs. Russia's policies in the areas it terms "near abroad", the use of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as an instrument for regional security, the attitudes of the warring parties towards the CSCE and the UN and the weight of national interests in these international organizations will be also taken into account. and Map Division, Rare to dominate the land. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. This measure was referred to as the Final Solution to the Jewish Question in Europe.. 1 : a surface decoration made by inlaying small pieces of variously colored material to form pictures or patterns also : the process of making it 2 : a picture or design made in mosaic 3 : something resembling a mosaic a mosaic of visions and daydreams and memories Lawrence Shainberg 4 Mosaic warfare allows for rapid coupling of disparate functions to support military decision making." The applications of mosaic warfare are broad, ranging from "conventional force-on-force battles to more nebulous 'gray zone' conflicts, which don't reach the threshold of traditional military engagement," Burns has said previously. Further, the Nazis classified Jews on the basis of their blood or alleged race. They were not targeted simply by their religion. Washington, DC 20024-2126 The Greeks, who elevated the pebble mosaic to an art of great refinement, also invented the so-called tessera technique. The South Caucasian de facto states Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno-Karabakh have existed for almost 20 years now. Of the 50,000 men sentenced as 175ers, 5,000 to 15,000 individuals were imprisoned in concentration camps. Weekly, May 12, 1866, p. 300. Stick to your talking points, practice out loud, refuse to be defensive, and resist the urge to elaborate. The closer orientation and decision nodes are to the point of action, the faster and more effective the outcomes. What did mosaics. Having spent the last 17 years operating in extremely permissive environments, it now finds itself too small, its information systems too brittle, and its command and control too centralized to withstand systems warfare. Chinas growing capabilities and recent boldness in the air domain represent dangerous and destabilizing behavior patterns, the Pentagons top official on the Indo-Pacific said March 2. Proceedings of the 10th DRC Summer School, Budapest, 2013. ), Security, Society and the State in the Caucasus (Routledge, forthcoming, 2019). tone of the paper was unprecedented because it labeled slave-holding A major objective of this approach is to maximize desired strategic returns per application of force (achieve best value). Mosaic laws exist to guide people's behavior in a religious or secular way. "Do Unto Brothers" is a real life, real issue mosaic of ethics, integrity, and conflict resolution. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. However, mosaic warfare will shift the engineering-design approach to new systems. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress (62), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam007.html#obj4. Future adversaries will learn from Chinas progress in maturing a systems warfare theory that targets US force design and operations, so systems warfare will not be limited to China over the long term. Unlike inlay, in which the pieces to be applied are set into a surface that has been hollowed out to receive the design, mosaic pieces are applied onto a surface that has been prepared with an adhesive. The victims included wealthy landowners, clergymen, government officials, teachers, doctors, dentists, military officers, and journalists. Among the causes of the recent upswing in terrorism emanating from the West Bank is the decay of Palestinian Authority's ability to maintain order in the territory under its control. Instead, Burns and Patt say, the U.S. should focus on developing smaller systems that can easily scale and quickly upgrade. Delivered to your inbox! An additional unknown number of Roma and Sinti were imprisoned in concentration camps as asocials., Germans with Disabilities Targeted as a Racial Threat and Burden. 5. When pieced together, these smaller functional elements can form operational OODA cycles that today must be managed within a single system. This article offers a comparative analysis of how these statelets have attempted to consolidate statehood though processes of state- and nation-building. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow, 2003. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Book and Special Collections Division. his trial moved many spectators. Hundreds of Polish men were executed for having sexual relations with German women. Since conflict is a normal part of any work environment, conflict management's goal is to detect and minimize the negative effects of conflict rather than eliminating it completely. The goal is to fight as a network to create a chain of effects or, more accurately because these effects are not linear, web effects to deter and defeat adversaries across multiple scales of conflict intensity.. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. He explains: In the past, an F-15 in an air-to-air engagement would need to first observe the airspace in its lane, identifying enemy aircraft with its radar, which is an observation node. Malek, Selected Conflicts in the Black Sea Region, 2012.pdf, Caucasian Chess Or The Greatest Geopolitical Tragedy of the Twentieth Century, South Caucasus: Leveraging Political Change in a Context of Strategic Volatility 18 th Workshop of the PfP Consortium Study Group "Regional Stability in the South Caucasus", Turkey's Policy in the Black Sea Region: Oscillating between Pragmatism and Opportunism, The European security system: Prospects and hopes, Velvet Revolution in Armenia: Challenges and Opportunities, The sources of secessionist war: the interaction of local control and foreign forces in post-Soviet Georgia, "ACHIEVING SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE REGION OF SOUTH CAUCASUS: WHAT ROLE FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS? They included both nomadic Roma and Sinti, whose numbers were in decline by the 1930s, and people with fixed residences in cities and towns. In this contribution, we will explain the differences in the kind of intervention by the UN and the CSCE in three conflicts characterized as 'national liberation conflicts' which has been happen in Transcaucasia. of Washington, D.C., celebrated the abolition of slavery. The National Defense Strategy in 2018 sounded the alarm over the risks posed by Chinese and Russian revisionist ambitions. To save this word, you'll need to log in. conflict, in psychology, the arousal of two or more strong motives that cannot be solved together. In modern mosaic practice, the main tendency is to build on the unique and inimitable qualities of the medium. External Link Disclaimer | The Roma predominated in Austria and eastern and southern Europe. Study on the role and effectiveness of the UN, the OSCE, the CIS and the EU in facilitation of the conflict resolution in South Caucasus, Concrete Steps to Break the Deadlocks in the South Caucasus (SGI 20), Security in the Caucasus Russian policy and military posture. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 of treason, conspiracy, and murder. Conduct an operations-focused cost assessment of force design alternatives. Like the small, dissimilar colored tiles that artists use to compose any number of images, a mosaic force design employs many diverse, disaggregated platforms in collaboration with current forces to craft an operational system. Much of the attention that readers and critics have given to Uncle Tom's Cabin has been directed to its content the development of its themes, the significance of its characters and incidents. Chicago, Brussels: . past 10,000 cheering spectators, the procession, led by two black This article offers a comparative analysis of how these statelets have attempted to consolidate statehood though processes of state- and nation-building. Some Jews survived imprisonment in Nazi camps or in hiding. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This total includes approximately 1.5 million children, from newborn infants to 17-year olds. Burns recently characterized mosaic warfare as a technology-based vision that would enable highly complex, strategic moves by composing multiple contributing systems. Copyright 2023. The Nazi regime persecuted them as asocials and racial inferiors. As long as mosaic was a technique for the making of floors, the main requisite of its materials was, besides their colour, their resistance to wear. This article is adapted from the Mitchell Institute paper Restoring Americas Miltary Competitiveness: Mosaic Warfare, which can be downloaded in its entirety at: http://www.mitchellaerospacepower.org/publications. and Map Division, Library of Congress (56), Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam007.html#obj0. Instead of tightly integrating all those functions into a single, expensive platform, as in the F-35, in mosaic warfare, these functions are disaggregated and spread among a multitude of manned and unmanned aircraft that share data and processing functions across a perpetually changing network. Technical insight is the key to both the creation and the appreciation of mosaic, and the technical aspects of the art require special emphasis. A youngster, for example, may want to go to a dance to feel that he belongs to a group and does what his friends do. Funded projects address three research areas: (1) the changing character and mosaic of conflict, (2) the experiences and responses of communities to conflict, and (3) conflict in the information age. Only the CSCE was involved in the conflict resolution process in South Ossetia. The Republican Party had been Between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma and Sinti were killed by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during the war. Soybean mosaic virus is a severe constraint of soybean production in China. Stone continued to be used in Christian monumental decorations but on a more limited scale and for special effects. By creating a mosaic of dynamic, coordinated and highly autonomous composable systems, the U.S. can impose massive complexity on adversaries, creating new types of strategic advantage via asymmetric means. Tens of thousands of members of the Polish elites were killed or imprisoned as potential leaders of the Polish resistance. Your love deserves a trip to Glacier National Park's Lake McDonald, where below the surface of the water, unique and vibrantly colored pebbles create a walkable, Santa Maria Maggiore, the Roman basilica that houses an ancient, With their voracious appetites and propensity to trample everything around them, wild and domesticated bovines maintained an ever-shifting, The clash over art sales is one piece in a, Plus, the spread sports a 14-car garage, a glass, For fans of archeology, there's the city of Aquileia, the ancient Roman capital of Friuli, which has an impressive basilica featuring a huge paleo-Christian floor, At a recent show, Mr. Piens positioned a stall exhibiting Invaders work under the pillar where the artist had surreptitiously left a, Blush zellige tiles pair wonderfully with the orange, Texas state Representative Trey Martinez Fischer, in front of the votive candle, Through every discovery of a birth or census record, the story of Roy McQueen and Flossie Burgess started to, Fifteen thousand dollars' worth of oil paintings of the owner and his family hung on the walls, and, The parks most famous feature is the Life of Christ, Woodlawn Memorial Park east of Orlando is home to the Life of Christ, After years of excavating, archaeologists in Cyprus have uncovered a rare, Roman-era floor, A team of installers with Barsanti Marble Bronze Mosaic, 4th generation artisans from Pietrasanta, Italy began replacing the iconic Cosmic Christ, Sturiale also commissioned local artists to work on everything from stained glass to, Post the Definition of mosaic to Facebook, Share the Definition of mosaic on Twitter, Before we went to her house, Hannah told us her aunt was a.