I took by th throat the circumcisd dog, For Jung, archetype is an explanatory paraphrase of the Platonic eidos (9, pt. In her final moments, Desdemona chooses not to blame Othello for her death because she saw that the honor of their love was more important than honesty. As the handkercheif is stolen from Desdemona, Othello believes that she has become unfaithful to him, which leads him down a jealous path and eventually kill her. Unlike the other Shakespeare tragedies, which follow the common ideas for Shakespearean tragedy, Othello includes some of the ideas from classical tragedies. Following his anatomizing of the painfully introspective intellectual Hamlet, Shakespeare, at the height of his ability to probe human nature and to dramatize it in action and language, treats Hamlets temperamental oppositethe man of action. Despite his deliberately selective focus on critical works written in English on literary texts that are, for the most part, also written in English, van Meurs, with the early assistance of John Kidd, has collected 902 entries, of which he identifies slightly over 80 as valid and valuable literary criticism. These archetypalists, focusing on the imaginaland making central the concept that in English they call soul, assert their kinship with Semiotics and Structuralism but maintain an insistent focus on psychoid phenomena, which they characterize as meaningful. Mythological critics compare one work to others with similar story . To The Reader Baudelaire Analysis; Used Dudek Universal For Sale; Is Ignatius J Reilly Autistic; Spring League Football Tryouts; marxist criticism in othello act 1 . And new theories increasingly give credence to the requirement, historically asserted by Jungian readers, that each text elicit a personal, affective, and not merely intellectual response. Othello also matches Aristotle's ideas of tragic hero because our Othello realizes the error of his ways, causing us to feel sympathy for him. However, the protagonist of the tragedy play only partially meets the definition of Aristotles tragic hero. The example essays in Kibin's library were written by real students for real classes. She stayed loyal to her lover throughout the entire play and in the end it did her no good. A fig! Self-interest is all that matters, and love is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Othello and Desdemona cannot possibly remain devoted to each other, and, as Iago concludes, If sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an err-ing barbarian and a super-subtle Venetian be not too hard for my wits, and all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her. The problem of Iagos motivation to destroy Othello and Desdemona is not that he has too few motives but too many. As in a typical Shakespearean comedy, love, tested, triumphs over all opposition. Essays may be lightly modified for readability or to protect the anonymity of contributors, but we do not edit essay examples prior to publication. Indeed, the psychological resonances of the drama, along with its provocative racial and gender themes, have caused Othello, perhaps more than any other of Shakespeares plays, to reverberate the loudest with current audiences and commentators. Emilia comes into the couples bedroom after Othello smothers Desdemona, but hears Desdemona cry out. In this play there are only three women in the entire play. Perplexed in the extreme; of one whose hand, Shakespeare's play, Othello, the Moor of Venice, is a powerful example of a tragedy and its main character, Othello, is an excellent illustration of what Aristotle constitutes as a tragic hero. An analysis of women being victims in Othello: Othello is a play written by William Shakespeare in the 1600s, this essay is from a feminist perspective. O, farewell! (5. A storm has dispersed the Venetian fleet so that Cassio arrives first, anxious for Othello's safety. Literary Archetypes The Legend of Sleepy Hollow The Loved One The Magus The Making of Americans The Man in the High Castle The Mayor of Casterbridge The Member of the Wedding The Metamorphosis The Natural The Plague The Plot Against America The Portrait of a Lady The Power of Sympathy The Red Badge of Courage The Road The Road from Coorain while we are reading any of [Shakespeare's] great criminal characters - we think not so much of the crimes which they commit, as of the ambition, the aspiring spirit, the intellectual activity which prompts them to . The play imitates life through basic human emotions such as jealousy and rage. Reading example essays works the same way! The approaches of semiologists, structuralists and deconstructivists . And despite frequently perceptive readings, the work is marred by the characteristic limitless expansionism and psychological utilitarianism of her interpretive scheme. The tragic hero archetype is used in many different pieces of writing and with every character comes a different way of using it. Othello was crafted at the dawn of the 17th century, shaped by complex social and geopolitical issues that new historicist critics, who seek to place literary works within a historical framework, have recently sought to unravel. However, as the play progresses, jealousy clamps down his mind, and his decisions are colored with jealousy that Desdemona is betraying him, leading him to kill her and take his own life. Two publishing events at the beginning of the 1990s in the United States may signal the coming of age of this kind of archetypal criticism through its convergence with postmodern critical thought, along with a commensurate insistence on its roots in the depth psychology of Jung: the reissue of Morris Philipsons 1963 Outline of a Jungian Aesthetic and the appearance of Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerinos multidisciplinary, multicultural collection of essays, C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture. His imagination is excited to intense activity, but it is the activity of concentration rather than dilation. Desdemona replies that it was her fault: Nobody I myself. A Christian Moor and general of the armies of Venice, Othello is an eloquent and physically powerful figure, respected by all those around him. When citing an essay from our library, you can use "Kibin" as the author. He turns to Iago, who has been brought before him to know the reason for his actions. Shakespeare derived his plot from Giraldi Cinthios Tale of the Moor, in the story collection Hecatommithi (1565), reshaping Cinthios sensational tale of jealousy, intrigue, and murder in several key ways. They were built to defen the city of Nicosia during the Otto-man Venetian war. Iagos motivation is anything but explainable in conventional terms. Even French feminist Julia Kristeva has been brought to praise a Jungian contribution to feminist discourse on the maternal: recognition that the Catholic churchs change of signification in the assumption of the Virgin Mary to include her human body represented a major shift in attitude toward female corporaiity (113). This does not stop her, though, from continuing to care for Othello. Desdemona is shown as the most pure and proper of the women in Othello and is put into the center of all the drama. . However, in William Shakespeare's Othello, Emilia's character portrays three completely different archetypes and they all come through in strategical places. Human emotions have a lot of power over how we react to situations in life, the trick is learning how to not let them take over. Archetypal school of literary criticism is a type of literary criticism that is concerned with recurring myths and archetypes in symbols, characters, actions, and situations within literary pieces. Myth criticism grew in part as a reaction to the formalism of New Criticism, while archetypal criticism based on Jung was never linked with any academic tradition and remained organically bound to its roots in depth psychology: the individual and collective psyche, dreams, and the analytic process. What makes Othello so unique structurally (and painful to witness) is that it is a tragedy built on a comic foundation. Aristotles second requirement for a tragedy is that the tragic hero must have a reversal of fortune. The three fundamental qualities of an archetype are: An archetype is a preconscious, instinctual expression of man's basic nature. His works range from ingenious poems, such as Fear No More, to plays, such as The Tragedy of Othello. Toril Moi, trans. James Hillman, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account (1983), Re-Visioning Psychology (1975); C. G. Jung, Collected Works (ed. (V.2.316, 323) It is beyond a doubt Othello's fault that all of this wreckage befalls him, and his still has not had a moment of recognition of his failures at reasoning and understanding. "Now will I question assio of ianca, As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; . Beat a Venetian and tradud the state, Essays and criticism on William Shakespeare's Othello - Criticism . Seeing her dying, Emilia asks who would do this. Shakespeare shifts the action from Venice to Cyprus. When he realizes the grave mistake he had made by taking an honest Desdemona's life he can no longer live with himself. But Jung's theory of the archetypes of the collective unconscious differs . This allows our team to focus on improving the library and adding new essays. By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. Now art thou my lieutenant. Frye, however, notably in Anatomy of Criticism, essentially redefined and relocated archetype on grounds that would remove him unequivocally from the ranks of Jungian critics by severing the connection between archetype and depth psychology: This emphasis on impersonal content has been developed by Jung and his school, where the communicability of archetypes is accounted for by a theory of a collective unconsciousan unnecessary hypothesis in literary criticism, so far as I can judge (m-12). The key to extremely detrimental jealousy lies within one's ability to recognize it or deny it. Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othellos inevitable downfall. The dynamic of Othellos character significantly changes throughout the play. Check out our Privacy and Content Sharing policies for more information.). After confronting Desdemona of her crimes he decides to carry out his overall plan to end his trues loves life. The story opens on Briony Tallis, a 13-year-old growing up in the upper-middle class in England in 1953 with . An archetype is recurrent. Archetypal Criticism Archetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, . And the 1980s saw a new, suggestive, and controversial direction in archetypal studies of literature: the feminist. Othello is first shown as a hero of war and a man of, The extent of which Othello is a tragic hero has been open to much debate; the basis on which he is judged falls to Aristotles established view of the crucial elements that distinguish whether a person is truly tragic. In Cinthios story, Alfiero, the scheming ensign, lusts after the Moors wife, named Disdemona, and after she spurns his advances, Alfiero seeks vengeance by accusing her of adultery with Cassio, the Moors lieutenant. - Alfredo Alvarez, student @ Miami University, We use cookies to provide the best possible experience on our site. Archetypes Archetypal criticism focuses on patterns in a literary work that commonly occur in other literary works. Kibin does not guarantee the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of the essays in the library; essay content should not be construed as advice. The movie Zootopia uses animals to portray racism and sexism; predators do not like prey and vice versa. The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. That not another comfort like to this Ignoring her appeals for mercy and avowals of innocence, Othello smothers her moments before Emilia arrives with the proof of Desdemonas innocence and Iagos villainy. "Who can control his fate?" Let us know! Of all Shakespeares tragedies . Up until Act III Scene iii Othello, "noble Moor" is in an elated position and is very aware of his importance. When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, My life and education both do learn me Between William Shakespeares most expansive and philosophical tragediesHamlet and King Learis Othello, his most constricted and heart-breaking play. Archetypal criticism, then, construed as that derived from Jung's theory and practice of archetypal (analytical) psychology, is a fledgling and much misconstrued field of inquiry with significant but still unrealized potential for the study of literature and of aesthetics in general. / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires." Alfiero, like Iago, similarly arouses the Moors suspicions by stealing Disdemonas handkerchief and planting it in Cassios bed-room. In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. These patterns and themes, often referred to as archetypes, are believed to be present in the collective unconscious of all human beings . He offers throughout the play multiple justifi cations for his intrigue: He has been passed over in favor of Cassio; he suspects the Moor and Cassio with his wife, Emilia; he is envious of Cassios open nature; and he is desirous of Desdemona himself. 2. Dramatically, Shakespeare turns the focus of the play from the shocking crime to its causes and psychic significance, trans-forming Cinthios intrigue story of vile murder into one of the greatest dramatic meditations on the nature of love and its destruction. 1. Let him command, And to obey shall be in me remorse, He notes that Singers Unholy Bible: A Psychological Interpretation of William Blake (1970), though oversimplified in its psychobiographical approach and its treatment of characters as psychological projections of the author, does make original use in a literary context of such Jungian techniques of dream interpretation as amplification and of such fantasy-evoking procedures as active imagination.. : 2022625 : archetypal criticism in othello This explains his fascination with a text like Rider Haggards novel She: The History of an Adventure (1886-87), with its unmediated representation of the anima. As Jung himself noted: Literary products of highly dubious merit are often of the greatest interest to the psychologist (Collected 15:87-88). Othello accused her of being unfaithful, when she never was. You elements that clip us round about, He seems to breathe an atmosphere as fateful as that of King Lear, but more confined and oppressive, the darkness not of night but of a close-shut murderous room. William Shakespeare, born in the year 1564, is often considered to be one of the greatest, if not the greatest, writer in the English language. Vindicated by the duke of Venice and the senate, Othello, accompanied by Desdemona, takes up his military duties in the face of a threatened Turkish invasion, and the lovers are given a triumphal wedding-like procession and marriage ceremony when they disembark on Cyprus. As Iago asserts to Roderigo, Virtue? Archetypal criticism ensures the efforts of all these concerned faculties to analyse of a text hence archetypal criticism is of immense significance. To you I am bound for life and education; Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? To wronged Othellos service. Further, myth critics, aligned with writers in comparative anthropology and philosophy, are said to include Frazer, Jessie Weston, Leslie Fiedler, Ernst Cassirer, Claude Lvi-Strauss, Richard Chase, Joseph Campbell, Philip Wheelwright, and Francis Fergusson. In Shakespeare's, An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. He suffers barbs and preconceived notions, yet Othello is esteemed and wins the love of the daughter of a nobleman. BASIC PREMISES OF ARCHETYPAL THEORY: 1. Texts and Contexts: Writing About Literature with Critical Theory. On a general level, Jungs and Fryes theorizings about archetypes, however labeled, overlap, and boundaries are elusive, but in the disciplines of literature the two schools have largely ignored each others work. "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." An archetype is universal; it is generated by man's psyche regardless of time of place. Iago's intelligence and wit allows him to make good sport of the protagonists of the play, sending Othello to his doom and that of his family. Farewell / Commend me to my kind lord. In Othello, the themes such as love and jealousy reflects on the characters motivation and their values. Archetypal criticism gets its impetus from psychologist Carl Jung, who postulated that humankind has a "collective unconscious," a kind of universal psyche, which is manifested in dreams and myths and which harbors themes . An archetype is the original pattern or . Here are some ways our essay examples library can help you with your assignment: Read our Academic Honor Code for more information on how to use (and how not to use) our library. Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. That Cassios not alive. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. The main ideas of Othello are jealousy and revenge. The scene crowns love triumphant. OTHELLO: Iago critics. Shakespeare on the other hand has portrayed women as both object and subject. Archetypal criticism is a type of literary criticismexamining the presence of archetypal characters within a piece of literature. 2. Bettina Knapps 1984 effort at an authoritative demonstration of archetypal literary criticism exemplified this pattern. For Cassirer, reason alone cannot lead to truth, but mythical thinking which focuses on immediate experience is essential. Othello as a character of noble blood seems to conform to all these. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single villain, but is rather a consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments and misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification exhibited by all of the participants. But Wheelwright, for example, barely mentions Jung (The Burning Fountain, 1954), and he, Fergusson, and others often owe more to Sigmund Freud, Ernest Jones, Oedipus Rex, and the Oedipus complex than to anything taken from Jung. As mine own face. What is a tragic hero and why is Othello considered one? Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away Thus, with the archetypal theorists multiplying across disciplines on the one hand and the clinically practicing followers serving as (generally inadequate) critics on the other, archetypal literary theory and criticism flourished in two independent streams in the 1960s and 1970s. His expression of his jealousy quickly devolves from the conventional"Farewell the tranquil mind"to the absurd: Farewell the plum'd troops and the big wars. Some of these include the downfall from high position Othello goes from being the general, to being convicted of being a murderer. From the theorists, dissertations, articles, and books, often traditionally academic in orientation, appeared; the productions of the practitioners are chronicled and critiqued in van Meurss bibliography. Othellos motivation in the play appears to be his love and concern for his wife Desdemona, which ironically, ends up being his downfall in the end. The term archetype can be traced to Plato (arche, original; typos, form), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work of the Swiss founder of analytical psychology, C. G. Jung (1875-1961). Many fell prey to Jungs idiosyncrasies as a reader, ranging widely and naively over genres, periods, and languages in search of the universal archetypes, while sweeping aside cultureand text-specific problems, ignoring their own role in the act of reading and basing critical evaluation solely on a texts contribution to the advancement of the readers individuation process, a kind of literature-astherapy standard. After Othello learns of a possible affair between Cassio and Desdemona, at this instance is the turning point in Othellos fortune because it changes his views, attitudes and ultimately his fate. The traits of the tragic hero lead the audience to feel compassion for the helpless victim. The Critical Analysis Of A Novel: Atonement By Ian Mcewan Atonement by Ian McEwan is a literary masterpiece and a highly critically acclaimed novel. Aristotles theory is not the final word on tragedy, however it can support in pinpointing the pivotal traits in. The tragic heros downfall, said Aristotle, was brought upon by some error of judgement. Egypt) and titles (e.g. Categories: Archetypal Criticism, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Myth Criticism, Psychoanalysis, Tags: Achetypes, Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language, Anatomy of Criticism, Archetypal Criticism, Archetypal feminist criticism, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry, Archetypal Psychology, Archetypal Theory, Archetypal Theory and Criticism, Archetypal Theory Criticism, Claude Levi-Strauss, Ernst Cassirer, Evangelos Christou, Francis Fergusson, Frazer, Gilbert Durand, Henri Corbin, Hermes and His Children, Hillman, Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, J. G. Frazer, J. G. Frazer The Golden Bough, James Hillman, Jessie Weston, Joseph Campbell, Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture., Jung's Psychology of the Unconscious, Jungian Approach to Literature, Leslie Fiedler, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Logos of the Soul, Maud Bodkin, Myth, Myth theory and crticism, New Polytheism, Northrop Frye, Philip Wheelwright, Psychoanalysis, Rafael Lopez-Pedraza, Richard Chase, Spring Journal, Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language. Desdemona is oblivious to what is going on around her and stays loyal to her morals but Iagos rumours lure Othello to thinking otherwise. According to Hillman, that discourse was anticipated by Evangelos Christous Logos of the Soul (1963) and extended in religion (David L. Millers New Polytheism, 1974), philosophy (Edward Caseys Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, 1976), mythology (Rafael Lopez-Pedrazas Hermes and His Children, 1977), psycholinguistics (Paul Kuglers Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language, 1982), and the theory of analysis (Patricia Berrys Echos Subtle Body, 1982). He has promoted Cassio to lieutenant while leaving Iago as ensign. In the beginning of the play, Othello is seen as content with his new bride: For know, Iago, But that I love the gentle Desdemona (1.2.24-25). Categories: Drama Criticism, ELIZABEHAN POETRY AND PROSE, Literary Criticism, Literature, Tags: Analysis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Bibliography Of William Shakespeares Othello, Character Study Of William Shakespeares Othello, Criticism Of William Shakespeares Othello, Drama Criticism, Essays Of William Shakespeares Othello, Notes Of William Shakespeares Othello, Othello, Othello Analysis, Othello Criticism, Othello Essay, Othello Feminism, Othello Notes, Othello Play, Othello PSychoanalysis, Othello Summary, Plot Of William Shakespeares Othello, Simple Analysis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Study Guides Of William Shakespeares Othello, Summary Of William Shakespeares Othello, Synopsis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Themes Of William Shakespeares Othello, William Shakespeare, William Shakespeares Othello, Analysis of William Shakespeares Macbeth, Analysis of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, Analysis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Bibliography Of William Shakespeares Othello, Character Study Of William Shakespeares Othello, Criticism Of William Shakespeares Othello, Simple Analysis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Study Guides Of William Shakespeares Othello, Synopsis Of William Shakespeares Othello, Analysis of Stuart Halls Encoding/Decoding, Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play.
Epcot Dessert Party 2022, Kurt Tocci Relationship, Old National Geographic Magazines Worth, Did Katherine Ryan Get Kicked Out Of Hamilton, Articles A