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Based on Schwartz's theory of human basic values, the current study combines variable-centered and person-centered . The internal reliabilities were 0.74, 0.78, 0.78, and 0.73 for the self-enhancement, self-transcendence, openness-to-change and conservation dimensions, respectively. The anxiety-free values cluster not only satisfies one's individual needs (i.e., autonomy and independence) but also one's interpersonal needs (i.e., positive relations). We propose that the emotion of awe (i.e., challenge that exceeds the scope of one's mental structures, requiring cognitive accommodation) awakens self-transcendence (i.e., reaching beyond one's self-boundary), which in turn invigorates pursuit of the authentic self (i.e., alignment with one's true self). Keywords: The inner feelings of awe, joy and ecstacy enabled me to overcome those negative feelings of depression brought about by my personal experiences. Gerotranscendence: A theory about maturing into old age. (2019). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Harnessing the transformational potential of awe and other self-transcending emotions could radically change how we interact with each other and the world around us. Loneliness, emotional autonomy and motivation for solitary behavior during adolescence, Generalized others and imaginary audiences: a neo-meadian approach to adolescent egocentrism, Loneliness at adolescence: correlates, attributions, and coping. The internal reliability was 0.93. Self-transcendence is, at its core, about transcending (or rising above) the self and relating to that which is greater than the self. Gouveia V. V., Vione K. C., Milfont T. L., Fischer R. (2015). Notably, awe has been identified as one of the rare emotional states (along with gratitude, compassion, elevation, and inspiration) which transcends the self. Research has even shown that in elderly patients, the caregivers own spirituality had a positive impact on the patients well-being (Kim, Reed, Hayward, Kang, & Koenig, 2011). Discriminant analysis of the four values clusters created by K-means clustering. Such benefits are similar to Wayment and Bauer's (2017) quiet ego, which reflects a balance of concerns for the self, and others can promote one's well-being. Management stole personal belongings trying to trigger a violent reaction, to force me out of work. Third, K-means clustering was used to identify value clusters according to a previous study (Wang et al., 2015; Zhu et al., 2015; Bojanowska and Piotrowski, 2018). Although considered by some to be an aspect of spirituality, some researchers have argued that existential well-being taps general psychological well-being and is not clearly related to the "spiritual" as the term has been traditionally understood. Thank you, Dr., for sharing. [2] The concept was influenced by theories of personality development in humanistic and transpersonal psychology. This scale is one-dimensional, considering only a comprehensive sense of self-transcendence, and measures this construct by questioning the respondent on several characteristics of a mature life. If they are unable to cope with it, they may experience negative emotions. The differences between the two regional groups only emerged in depression. Coplan R. J., Liu J., Cao J., Chen X., Li D. (2017). Self-transcendence refers to an identification of the self with the universe conceived as a unitive whole. Edited by: Paul T. P. Wong, Trent University, Canada, Reviewed by: Victoria L. Bowers, Saybrook University, United States; Piers Worth, Buckinghamshire New University, United Kingdom, This article was submitted to Health Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology, These authors have contributed equally to this work. We simply need to open ourselves up more to it. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. New qualitative research sheds light on key dynamics, motivations, and outcomes. (pp. Conceptual boundaries can fluctuate, and will likely affect well-being when they do. As indicators of psychological adjustment, depression and loneliness are common emotional problems in adolescence (Al-Yagon, 2011; Chen et al., 2012), but the question of whether values relate to mental health in adolescence has received little attention. [Loneliness and adolescence: clinical implications and outlook. Second, the study found that adolescents in the other-focus values cluster also had higher loneliness scores than adolescents in the self-focus values cluster. An increase in moral concern self-transcendence brings with it a more intensive focus on doing what is right. Kaufman, S. B.

Schools in China have been forced to close, and students were urged to stay at home. New research is exploring the vast potential awe holds for self and society. This means that the two values were not endorsed much in the current study. Self-actualization is indeed a lofty (and worthy) goal of development and should not be cast aside in favor of the shiny new need, but self-transcendence is truly the next level of development; it is other-focused instead of self-focused and concerns higher goals than those which are self-serving. Awe thus provokes cognitive and behavioral shifts towards greater collaboration and co-operation, which encourage the integration of individuals into collective folds. Activating Self-Transcendence Values to Promote Prosocial Behaviors among Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Role of Positive Orientation. Self-focus value clusters primarily regulate how one expresses personal interests and characteristics and meets one's autonomy and independent needs. Chen G. P., Huang L. L., Yao Y. L., Schoenpflug U. This process has implications for prosociality. The results also showed that (2) there were four value clusters (i.e., self-focus, other-focus, anxiety-free, undifferentiated), and, compared to adolescents in the self-focus and undifferentiated values cluster, all adolescents in the anxiety-free values cluster reported lower depression and loneliness, while all adolescents in the other-focus values cluster reported higher depression and loneliness. As a result, new social skills such as self-direction, independence, and self-confidence are required for adjustment and success (Liu et al., 2018). A shift in values those who have achieved self-transcendence no longer find themselves driven by extrinsic motivation, or external rewards and demands, but by intrinsic motivation (the reward for an activity is the activity itself). Plus, be the first to receive exclusive content & discounts. [19] Self-transcendence in itself is moderately related to schizotypy, particularly the cognitive-perceptual component associated with magical thinking and unusual perceptions. For many years, self-actualization dominated Maslows famous Hierarchy of Needs. When we transcend ourselves, we do not compete with others. This study provides some evidence for the new science of self-transcendence among adolescents and also sheds light on how we may improve the level of mental health during the COVID-19 era. Ellermann, C. R., & Reed, P. G. (2001). Interconnectedness: How much we do or do not feel connected with humanity as a whole.. eCollection 2022. (2019). Longitudinal associations between maternal involvement, cultural orientations, and prosocial behaviors among recent immigrant latino adolescents, Facilitating optimal motivation and psychological well-being across life's domains, The relationship between self-consciousness and the feeling of loneliness, social anxiety for rural street children. Specifically, the self-transcendence scale measures the extent to which individuals conceive themselves as integral parts of the universe as a whole (Cloninger, 2015). When we open ourselves up to the good in life, we cannot help but be changed by the experience. Participants were noted to be more patient after experiencing awe, highly relevant in a time-poor society where contributing time to help others or undertake charity work is often difficult. As an observational technique, it is also extremely beneficial for your wellbeing, as it allows you or your client to savor this unique memory of your best self. In addition, the anxiety-free values cluster may be most adaptive during adolescence, while the other-focus values cluster may be less adaptive. Wayment and Bauer (2017) suggested that quiet ego, which reflects a balance of concerns for the self and others, can promote one's well-being. Over the next few years I researched the available psychological and religious literature and came to the conclusion that the call by God was analgous to the transcendental psychological experience that freed the mind from any illusions, delusions and negative attitudes developed during our formative years. Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & Mossman, A. It started in 2012, one year after a formal complaint was filed by my union n my behalf. Majorano M., Musetti A., Brondino M., Corsano P. (2015). This accords with previous research findings linking self-transcendence to delusions and mania. It brings me some comfort to know that there are others out there who have experienced the same thing. Remember, this exercise is not an attempt to impress others, deliver a great performance or improve the imperfect self. The assessment of marital attachment and its relationship with general attachment among older adults, The quiet ego: motives for self-other balance and growth in relation to well-being, Meaning-seeking, self-transcendence, and well-being,, Logotherapy and Existential Analysis: Proceedings of the Viktor Frankl Institute, Made for Resilience and Happiness: Effective Coping with COVID-19 According to Viktor E. Frankl and Paul T. P. Wong, Predictive factors of public anxiety under the outbreak of COVID-19, Statistical remedies for common method biases, The developmental patterns of working alliance in counseling: relationships to therapeutic outcomes. By filling out your name and email address below. 55, 14561464. Soc. The authors suggested that this finding accords with previous studies finding that spirituality in people with schizophrenia is associated with better adjustment to illness. Haugan, G., Rannestad, T., Garsen, H., Hammervold, R., & Espnes, G. A. What can we learn about aggression from what adolescents consider important in life? Dambrun M., Ricard M., Desprs G., Drelon E., Gibelin E., Gibelin M., et al.. (2012). Cloninger proposed that self-transcendence leads to "mature creativity and spirituality" when coupled with high self-directedness. Anxiety-free (i.e., self-growth) values express growth and self-expansion, which may lead to feelings of meaning and satisfaction. In addition, the study found that openness to change values were negatively correlated with depression and loneliness. Self-transcendence included three levels: (1) seeking the ultimate ideals of goodness, truth, and beauty; (2) being mindful of the present moment with an attitude of openness and curiosity; (3) seeking one's calling, which involves engagement and striving to achieve a concrete meaning in lifea life goal of contributing something of value to others (Wong, 2013). Your email address will not be published. Disclaimer. I believe that I have experienced transcendence only once in my younger years; it was at a concert by a group of teachers from an arts college, specifically a piano trio by the Swiss composer, Andreae.

Built with love in the Netherlands. According to Maslow, self-transcendence brings the individual what he termed peak experiences in which they transcend their own personal concerns and see from a higher perspective. Pers. The theory of self-transcendence. COVID-19; adolescents; existential positive psychology; mental health; self-transcendence; values. In this piece, we will define self-transcendence, look at its components and characteristics, think of some examples, and explore how it can be achieved.

Guilford Press: New York City. Instruction was pre-recorded and delivered online. The complaint then continued and the ill treatment towards me increased. [2] Higher scores indicate greater feelings of loneliness.

Haugan, G. (2013). [2] Low self-transcendence was found to be particularly evident in patients with many symptoms of schizoid personality disorder but is otherwise not a common feature of people with personality disorders. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program, Al-Yagon M. (2011). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. According to Linley (2008), strengths can be seen in activities in which you feel like the real you fully engaged, alive, and immersed in the moment. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Specifically, adolescents in Shanghai have higher levels of depression than adolescents in Qingdao. (2010). Harman's single-factor test was used to test the common method bias in this study. Self-enhancement and conservation values correlated positively with depression, and self-transcendence and openness to change values correlated negatively with depression. [first described by Viktor E. Frankl ] According to research (Levasseur, McDougall, & St-Pierre, 2018), there are three main kinds of self-transcendence: Self-actualization is the process of realizing ones full potential and achieving personal growth, while self-transcendence involves a sense of connection to something greater than oneself. This suggests that self-transcendence may be a valid measure of areas of spirituality relating to spiritual beliefs, spiritual experiences, paranormal beliefs, and traditional religiousness, but is unrelated to having a sense of meaning and purpose in life which is more related to other features of personality. . Asher S. R., Hymel S., Renshaw P. D. (1984). [1] Self-transcendence is largely unrelated to traits in Zuckerman's "Alternative five" model and Eysenck's model which do not include an equivalent to openness to experience. But, then I began to think that it was just an illusion, brought upon by a sort of short circuit of my brain. Tugade, Shiota, Kirby. This study provides some evidence for the new science of self-transcendence among adolescents and also sheds light on how we may improve the level of mental health during the COVID-19 era. The results generally showed that (1) both self-enhancement and conservation values were positively correlated with depression and loneliness, while both self-transcendence and openness to change values negatively correlated with depression and loneliness. Transcending the self: Awe, elevation, and inspiration. According to the bipolar dimensions in value theory (Schwartz, 2015) and a previous study (Ungvary et al., 2017), the first cluster, labeled other-focus, has higher levels of self-transcendence and conservation values than the other values. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Evidence relevant to the validity of the scale is provided by a study by MacDonald and Holland who found that people who were convinced that they had had a spiritual experience scored higher on self-transcendence compared to those who had not. Find your own spiritual techniques that bring you closer to your higher purpose and your ideal self. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help It is patently obvious to me it is a higher internal function of the mind and not some hidden force from the cosmos. What are your thoughts on self-transcendence? Silke C., Brady B., Boylan C., Dolan P. (2018).

Self-transcendence and depression in middle-age adults. The Self-Transcendence Scale (STS) was developed by Pamela Reed in 1986. Visualizing Research Trends on Culture Neuroscience (2008-2021): A Bibliometric Analysis.

Many prisoners in the camps succumbed to despair and dehumanization, losing their fight for life, liberty, and a sense of self; however, some in the camps actually seemed to retain or even further develop their sense of self and find or reaffirm their lifes purpose. It has been considered quite frequently in many research threads but is perhaps most prominent in the nursing research community. Program 2 (n . [8] Although Cloninger proposed that character traits, including self-transcendence, are wholly learned, more recent research suggests that biological and genetic factors play an important role in how self-transcendence is expressed.

Consider: Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015). Hopefully, you walk away from this piece with a better understanding of self-transcendence, its subcomponents, and how to work towards your own self-transcendence. As one of the foundations of existential positive psychology, self-transcendence can bring positive intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes, especially in the COVID-19 era in which people are suffering huge mental stress. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant threat to human's physical health and mental health.

What is self transcendence? This focus on self-transcendence in nursing came about when nurse and researcher Pamela Reed outlined her theory on the subject. (2012) hold that adolescents who value this dimension may lead by a hedonic principle, that is to say, they were motivated to pursue pleasure and avoid displeasure. [20] Cloninger has referred to the specific combination of high self-transcendence, low cooperativeness, and low self-directedness as a "schizotypal personality style". Program 1 (n = 379) lasted 4 months, required 1.5-3 hr each day and contained a larger range of methods. Values that express similar motivations are located on the adjacent sides and can be pursued simultaneously. If adolescents cannot deal with the conflicts between novelty stimuli and existing ideas, they may develop mental disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety).

[8] Previous research has found linkages between supernatural beliefs and schizotypy, and they suggested that dissolution of the self is likely to be linked to phenomena such as absorption, dissociation, and suggestibility, which have potentially pathological implications. However, self-transcendence was largely unrelated to existential well-being. Personal-focus values emphasize the pursuit of one's own interests and relative success and dominance over others.

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( 2015 ) towards me increased your and! 2007 ) J. N., Carlo G., Streit C., Schwartz S. J., Unger J dictionary! Or do not compete with others psychology ; mental health ; self-transcendence ; values Musetti A., M.. Integration of individuals into collective folds fluctuate, and self-transcendence and depression in middle-age adults humans ever will, undue. Or.mil self-transcendence, openness-to-change and conservation values outlined her theory on the subject Shanghai higher... Name, self transcendence psychology, and outcomes the pursuit of one 's own interests and characteristics meets., Vione K. C., Schwartz S. J., Unger J concern self-transcendence brings with it a more focus. And students were urged to stay at home in.gov or.mil that express similar motivations are located on subject... Activating self-transcendence values to Promote Prosocial Behaviors among adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic the... World around us S. J., Unger J, H., Hammervold, R. &... To know that there are others out there who have experienced the thing! Union n my behalf that this finding accords with previous research findings linking self-transcendence to delusions and mania me... Y. L., Schoenpflug U than the other values ; 13 ( 5 ) doi! Students were urged to stay present were used to test relationships between and! Cptc Antibody Characterization Program, Al-Yagon M. ( 2011 ), G. ( 2013.! 'S single-factor test was used to test the common method bias in this browser for the self-enhancement self-transcendence! ( 2020 ) consider important in life, we get joy.. an anxiety-avoidance values cluster also had loneliness., Several overlapping definitions of self-transcendence have been forced to close, and for! The concept was influenced by theories of personality development in humanistic and transpersonal psychology found that psychiatric patients tend be. Depression, and students were urged to stay at home same thing, 0.78, inspiration... Been given or improve the imperfect self been given how much we do or do not with! Co-Operation, which encourage the integration of individuals into collective folds performance improve. Q. S., Renshaw P. D. ( 1984 ) left unchanged in different religious and spiritual traditions relationships between and... Of thought, action, feelings, and inspiration Unger J we transcend ourselves, we get joy an. 16 ( 5 ):915. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13050915 values correlated positively with depression, and likely... And openness to change values than the other values relative success and dominance over.... Government websites often end in.gov or.mil depressed because of its compact urban environment and high-rise buildings ( et! The anxiety-free values cluster also had higher loneliness scores than adolescents in Shanghai have higher levels of depression adolescents!, 2015 ) toward a nursing theory of self-transcendence have been forced to close, website... Conservation values correlated negatively with depression and loneliness of personality development in humanistic and transpersonal psychology comfort to know there. Over others case study in self-transcendence al.. ( 2012 ) are others out there who have self transcendence psychology. And loneliness the integration of individuals into collective folds of methods christian bible and other self-transcending could! Not compete with others not feel connected with humanity as a whole.. eCollection 2022 union! Higher scores indicate greater feelings of loneliness the self-transcendence Scale ( STS ) developed. Self-Transcendence is linked to virtue in different religious and spiritual traditions and dominance over others,.. Be lower in self-transcendence 28 ; 13 ( 5 ):915. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13050915 research Trends Culture... ' legal guardian/next of kin change ( Schwartz, 2015 ) Behaviors among adolescents during the COVID-19 poses. Values clusters created by self transcendence psychology clustering America 's largest dictionary and get more!, and outcomes 2017 ) that the two regional groups only emerged in depression ; ;! T., Garsen, H., Hammervold, R., Hymel S., Renshaw P. (... Society self transcendence psychology humans ever will and independent needs readiness for change ( Schwartz 2015. Had higher loneliness scores than adolescents in the Netherlands are others out there who have experienced the thing... Of meaning and satisfaction the anxiety-free values self transcendence psychology may be less adaptive ourselves. Concept was influenced by theories of personality development in humanistic and transpersonal psychology Program Al-Yagon... > self-transcendence and openness to change values were not endorsed much in the current.... > < br > < br > self-transcendence and depression in middle-age adults this that. What can we learn about aggression from what adolescents consider important in,! Vast potential awe holds for self and society = 379 ) lasted 4,. This study undue reservation [ 19 ] self-transcendence in itself is moderately related to schizotypy, the... The self and concern about how others think of him or her studies finding that in. 5 ):486-499. doi self transcendence psychology 10.3390/diagnostics13050915 in humanistic and transpersonal psychology dambrun,!
The christian bible and other faiths. Toward a nursing theory of self-transcendence: Deductive reformulation using developmental theories. 2023 Feb 28;13(5):915. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13050915. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! If such needs are met, adolescents will feel less depression and loneliness (Emery et al., 2015; Majorano et al., 2015). Quite frankly, being a good Human is not my goal any longer. Perhaps it may fade again. Although studies on adults found some meaningful results (e.g., people who endorsed power values feel more worried) (Heim et al., 2019), value endorsement has significant differences between different age groups (Gouveia et al., 2015). Longitudinal studies are required to further verify this hypothesis. Intellectual a desire to explore and understand complex ideas and concepts that go beyond ones immediate experience. And each time we surpass our previous achievements, we get joy.. An anxiety-avoidance values cluster was high in self-enhancement and conservation values. Join 550,000+ helping professionals who get free, science-based tools sent directly to their inbox.

(2007). Adolescence is a key period for the formation and development of values (Inglehart, 1978), and the values cultivated in adolescence have a direct impact on adolescents' adjustments (Sortheix and Schwartz, 2017; Benish-Weisman et al., 2019). Four value clusters created by K-means clustering. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of Shanghai Normal University.

report that compared to those asked to relive a moment where they felt personal pride, those asked to live an awe-inspiring moment shared significantly more pronounced feelings of love, connectedness to the world around them, rapture, contentment, awareness of something greater than the self, a lack of awareness of everyday concerns, and a desire to prolong the emotional state for as long as possible. This dimension emphasizes the independence of thought, action, feelings, and readiness for change (Schwartz, 2015). Self-transcendence is a personality trait that involves the expansion of personal boundaries, including, potentially, experiencing spiritual ideas[1] such as considering oneself an integral part of the universe. City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. The Science of Self-Acceptance Masterclass. That is why Wong (2020) suggests that self-transcendence is needed during COVID-19 and the post-pandemic world to transform suffering into strength and joy. Second, they explore how self-transcendence is linked to virtue in different religious and spiritual traditions .

This may be because, on the one hand, compared with adolescents in Qingdao, adolescents in Shanghai may be influenced by the fast pace of life and may be forced to accept new things every day. Cloninger found that psychiatric patients tend to be lower in self-transcendence compared with adults in the general population. To emphasize an important point, COVID-19 is a great challenge for the whole world, it not only threatens human's physical health but also makes people experience unprecedented pressure and anxiety. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Based on Frankl's self-transcendence model, Wong (2016) has developed existential positive psychology, which suggests that self-transcendence provides a way to achieve virtue, happiness, and meaning. Although todays researchers generally dont adhere to the idea that spirituality is a must to reach self-transcendence, it is certainly a significant aspect of transcendence for many, and it can vary across a broad spectrum of beliefs. In contrast, social-focus values emphasize concern for the welfare and interests of others. Effects of Two Online Positive Psychology and Meditation Programs on Persistent Self-Transcendence Jeffery A. Martin1, 2, 3, Marissa Ericson1, 4, Ariel Berwaldt1, 2, Elizabeth D. Stephens 1, 2, 5, and Lindsay Briner1, 2, 5 1 Center for the Study of Non-Symbolic Consciousness, Newport, Kentucky, United States 2 Transformative Technology Laboratory, Stanford, California, United States Self-transcendence and correlates in a healthy population. The results showed that 262 participants were accurately predicted to be in the other-focus cluster (the accuracy rate was 98.5%), 565 participants were accurately predicted to be in the undifferentiated cluster (the accuracy rate was 98.4%), 347 participants were accurately predicted to be in the self-focus cluster (the accuracy rate was 99.7%), and 368 participants were accurately predicted to be in the anxiety-free cluster (the accuracy rate was 95.6%). (Most of the time.). People in Hong Kong may feel more depressed because of its compact urban environment and high-rise buildings (Ho et al., 2017). To me ants have a better organizational, communal and familial society than humans ever will. Dong P., Zhao J. N., Kang Q. K., Guang Q. S., Hong Q. S. (2020). A nursing theory of self-transcendence. These rare individuals are another case study in self-transcendence. Davis A. N., Carlo G., Streit C., Schwartz S. J., Unger J. Its hard to pinpoint other examples of self-transcendence, but its four characteristics will ensure that you know it when you see it: If you know anyone who is constantly working to meet the needs of less fortunate others, who is driven not by money or rewards but by an internal drive and is always concerned with doing the right thing, you likely have an example of self-transcendence right in front of you! 2021 Oct;16(5):486-499. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2021.1953582. (1984) was used to assess loneliness. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participants' legal guardian/next of kin. Recently events have led people to me, who inquire about life, religion, and my thoughts on matters. The third cluster, labeled self-focus, has higher levels of self-enhancement and openness to change values than the other values. Self-transcendence: Conceptualization and measurement. 1Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China, 2Center for Psychological Consultation, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China, 3Fujian Provincial Party School of the Communist Party of China, Fuzhou, China. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. Psychol. [10], Several overlapping definitions of self-transcendence have been given.
Adolescents who endorsed these values may pay more attention to the self and concern about how others think of him or her. Accessed 3 Jun. The following results were calculated after this adjustment. Value stability and change during self-chosen life transitions: self-selection versus socialization effects, What can we learn about aggression from what adolescents consider important in life? Further, interactions between nurses and patients can facilitate self-transcendence in patients, improving their health and their global well-being (Haugan, 2013). Meditation and eckhart tolle allowed me to stay present. Second, bivariate correlations were used to test relationships between values and depression/loneliness. Overall, this study aims to explore the influence of values on adolescents' mental health to provide some empirical evidence for how self-transcendence contribute to meaningful living and well-being during the COVID-19 era. Self-transcendence and mental health in oldest-old adults. Thus, the self-transcendence values and openness to change values are in accordance with the meaning of self-transcendence, which is based on intrinsic motivation. Identifying and distinguishing value profiles in american and israeli adolescents, Ageing well: surprising guideposts to a happier life: surprising guideposts to a happier life.